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Article History

Received: 12 December 2024

Accepted: 19 March 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The trial was approved for all participating European Union centres under EU CT Number 2023-510506-41-00, with the Ethics Committee of the Ärztekammer Nordrhein acting as the responsible ethics committee (reference no. 2023005). For Swiss participating centres, approval was granted by the Cantonal Ethics Committee Zurich under BASEC No. 2023 − 02008. Institutional review boards acknowledged the central ethics committee vote as required according to CTIS regulation, and all patients provided written informed consent prior to study participation.

: Not applicable.

: RES has received research grants from AstraZeneca related to the presented work, and honoraria and travel expenses from AstraZeneca, Accuray Inc., Novocure, Merck, and MSD outside of the presented work. MM reports compensation for scientific consulting by Novartis, Roche, Telix and Veraxa outside of the submitted work. FM has received an unrestricted research institutional grant from AstraZeneca not related to the present work; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Roche, Lilly, Elekta, and Brainlab; and serves on the advisory boards of AstraZeneca and Novartis. PC has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Takeda; speaker’s honoraria from AstraZeneca, Gilead, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Pfizer, Thermo Fisher, and Takeda; support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen, Gilead, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Takeda; and personal fees for participation on advisory boards from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai, Janssen, Pfizer, Novartis, MSD, Takeda, and Roche, all outside the submitted work. MH reports compensation for scientific consulting by Merck Serono, MSD, BMS, AstraZeneca, Sanofi; travel expenses by Merck Serono, MSD, BMS, AstraZeneca, Sanofi; research funding by MSD and AstraZeneca; all outside of the submitted work. GSB is an employee of AstraZeneca who also provide funding for the presented work. JM is an employee of AstraZeneca who also provide funding for the presented work. SR has received research grants from AstraZeneca related to the presented work, and honoraria and travel expenses from AstraZeneca and onkowissen.de GmbH outside of the presented work. UN has received research grants from AstraZeneca related to the presented work and honoraria and travel expenses from AstraZeneca outside of the presented work. JW, EG, TSJ, MM, FB, FG, TH, RB, MS, MG, SHE and SHA report no conflict of interest relevant to the presented work.