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Article History

Received: 27 October 2025

Accepted: 26 March 2026

First Online: 6 April 2026

Declarations

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: All procedures performed in the present study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies using animals performed by any of the authors. This study has been approved by the Institutional Scientific Board of the IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (registration number CET 292-2024). All participants will sign an Informed Consent. Any protocol amendments will be communicated to ethics committees.

: Not applicable.

: Miriam Torrisi received a speaker honorarium from Accuray Inc. independently from the current work. Laura Giannini received a research fellowship from AIRC: IG 25951 - project “Toward clinical use of PET in selecting patients with pancreatic cancer for local treatment intensification”. Miriam Torrisi received a research grant from the Next Generation EU (PNRR-MCNT2-2023-12378239), with a project entitled “Radio-immunotherapy in solid tumors” (CUP Code: C43C24000320005). Andrei Fodor participated in a Johnson & Johnson Advisory Board not related to this paper.The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.