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Article History

Received: 1 February 2026

Accepted: 6 April 2026

First Online: 25 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The institutional review board of Aichi Cancer Center Hospital approved this protocol (approval number: 2025-0-249). This study was conducted in accordance with the Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the guiding principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, as well as applicable local laws and regulations. In this retrospective study, the need for informed consent was waived according to the “Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects.” The summary of this research protocol was posted on the website of Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, and the participants were provided with the opportunity to opt out.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Teppei Yamaguchi reported receiving personal fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ono Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Taiho Pharmaceutical, and Merck Sharp & Dohme. Junichi Shimizu reported receiving honoraria from Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Chugai, Taiho, Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca, Merck Biopharma, Takeda, Pfizer, Amgen, and Ono Pharmaceutical. Reiko Matsuzawa reported receiving honoraria from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Chugai, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ono Pharmaceutical, Takeda, Taiho, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, and Novartis. Yutaka Fujiwara reported receiving research funding from Abbvie, AnHeart, Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck KGaA, Novocure, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai, Incyte, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Shanghai Junshi; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novocure, Ono Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Takeda, and Taiho Pharmaceutical; and participation on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Chiome Bioscience, Daiichi Sankyo, Micron, Nippon Kayaku, and Ono Pharmaceutical. All other authors have no conflicts of interest.