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Authors
Liu, ShengSheng
Liu, JiaHui
Li, Dan
Mo, QinGuo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Department of Science and Technology Document） (No. 2017-10, Contract No.2017GXNSFAA198088)
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Article History
Received: 15 January 2026
Accepted: 8 May 2026
First Online: 30 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital (GMUACH) (Approval No. 2025041). Informed consent was exempted by the IRB owing to the retrospective design and the use of de-identified patient data. The SEER database is publicly available for research use and complies with relevant ethical regulations for biomedical research.
: Since the study used de-identified public data from the SEER database without any individual patient information or identifiable clinical materials, consent for publication is not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
