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Article History

Received: 10 April 2026

Accepted: 8 June 2026

First Online: 12 June 2026

Declarations

:

: All animal procedures were approved by the Shanghai Model Organisms Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (SRCMO-IACUC No. 2024-0003) and were performed in accordance with institutional guidelines and regulations. Tumor dimensions were monitored throughout the study using calipers, and no animals exceeded the approved tumor size limits. At the experimental endpoint, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and euthanized by cervical dislocation after confirmation of deep anesthesia and loss of consciousness. Death was confirmed by the absence of corneal reflex and cessation of breathing for more than 1 min.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.