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Article History

Received: 27 February 2026

Accepted: 16 June 2026

First Online: 20 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. However, formal ethical approval was not required as each of the 3 sites registered the study as a service evaluation / audit. This study was conducted as a service evaluation using routinely collected real-world clinical data from participating centres. As such, it did not constitute research requiring formal Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Research Ethics Committee approval under applicable national regulations. The project received audit/service evaluation approval from the contributing centres prior to data collection. In accordance with institutional and national guidance for service evaluation projects using anonymised routinely collected data, individual informed consent to participate was not required. Approval for the study was obtained from the local audit committees at each participating centre: Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust Audit Enquiries. Project ID number is 25-126C Patterns of treatment and outcome in Oncology patients treated with Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust Audit Enquiries. Project ID number is 14032. University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: Competing interests: Shivan Sivakumar: Servier, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Novartis (speaker/advisory board), BMS (salary and research funding), Genentech, Arcus, Amgen (institutional funding), holds a US patent for diagnostic technology in pancreatic cancer, Astron Health (shares). The other authors have no conflict of interests related to this publication.