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Article History

Received: 29 April 2026

Accepted: 24 June 2026

First Online: 1 July 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Scientific Research Bioethics Committee at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University.

: Not Applicable.

: Anne Berndt and Christian Oberkanins are affiliated with ViennaLab Diagnostics GmbH, Vienna, Austria, a company involved in the development of molecular diagnostic assays, including assays used in this study. These authors contributed scientific and technical expertise related to CYP2D6 genotyping and molecular interpretation. All clinical and statistical analyses were independently performed by the academic investigators. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.