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Article History

Received: 7 February 2026

Accepted: 26 June 2026

First Online: 4 July 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not require approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Ethics Committee because it did not involve human participants, human-derived tissues, or animal subjects. The experiments were performed exclusively on commercially available or previously established cell lines. According to international ethical guidelines such as the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association , 2013) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations (45 CFR 46) , research using established in vitro cell lines does not fall under human subjects research and therefore is exempt from ethical review. Similarly, the OECD Principles on Good Laboratory Practice and many institutional policies (e.g., European Commission, 2018; NIH Guidelines) specify that in vitro studies using immortalized or commercially sourced cell lines do not require prior ethics approval, provided that the cell lines are not newly derived from identifiable human material.Accordingly, no IRB approval was required for this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.