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Article History

Received: 18 June 2026

Accepted: 21 July 2026

First Online: 27 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The trial was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and ICH-GCP E6(R2). The coordinating center ethics committee of the Medizinische Fakultaet der Universitaet Duisburg-Essen approved the trial (vote 18–8316-MF; 6 February 2019), and all participating sites obtained local approvals. All patients provided written informed consent, including consent for device log-file collection and de-identified data sharing.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript contains no identifiable individual participant information, images, or videos.

Competing interests: CO has received travel support from Novocure and honoraria from Horizon and Novocure. CO has received a Clinician Scientist stipend from the University Medicine Essen Clinician Scientist Academy (UMEA), funded by the Faculty of Medicine and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), and a research grant from Servier. SK is a fellow of the Else Kroener-Fresenius Foundation and the Advanced Clinician Scientist Program (UMEA2), funded by the Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space (BMFTR) in the framework of the Advanced Clinician Scientist Programme UMEA2; 01EO210. SK received research grants from Novocure and Servier, as well as honoraria and consulting fees from Novocure (institutional). All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.