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Authors
Mugabo, Fred
Pain, Debanjan
Rugengamanzi, Eulade
Carrion, Jake
Nsabimana, Vivens
Sebahungu, Fidele
Kapesa, Linda
Ruhangaza, Deogratias
Shulman, Lawrence N
Slater, Sarah
Fadelu, Temidayo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Center for Global Cancer Medicine
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Article History
Received: 26 June 2026
Accepted: 18 August 2026
First Online: 4 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was obtained from the Rwanda National Ethics Committee (Renewal No. 136/RNEC/2024). The study was also reviewed and approved by the Inshuti Mu Buzima Research Committee and the Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Centers Institutional Review Board. Given the retrospective nature of this study, individual patient consent to participate was waived by the approving ethics committees.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
