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Article History

Received: 11 August 2020

Accepted: 30 December 2021

First Online: 15 January 2022

Declarations

:

: This study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the Jikei University Hospital Institutional Review Board for Medical Devices, the Sugita Eye Hospital Institutional Review Board, and the Joint Institutional Review Board of the hospitals. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Not applicable.

: Dr. Sugita, Ogawa, Ichikawa, Okita, Nakano, and Tsuneoka report grants and Dr. Negishi report personal fees from NIDEK CO., LTD., during the conduct of the study;. Dr. Sugita reports grants and personal fees from Alcon Japan Ltd., personal fees and non-financial support from Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., non-financial support from HOYA Corporation, personal fees from Kowa Co., Ltd., grants and personal fees from Senjyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., personal fees from Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, personal fees from Bayer AG, personal fees from Pfizer Inc., personal fees from Nikon Corporation, outside the submitted work;. Dr. Ichikawa reports grants and personal fees from Alcon, grants and personal fees from ZEISS, grants and personal fees from STAAR, personal fees from HOYA, personal fees from SANTEN, personal fees from KY CenterVue, personal fees from Igaku shoin, personal fees from Kowa, personal fees from JFC, personal fees from Novartis, outside the submitted work;. Dr. Negishi reports grants from Fuji Xerox Co, grants from Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd., grants from Universal View Co., Ltd., grants and personal fees from Alcon Japan Ltd., grants and personal fees from Santen Pharmaceutical, grants and personal fees from HOYA Corporation, grants and personal fees from AMO Japan K.K., grants from Kowa Company, grants from Kowa Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., grants from Tomey Corporation, personal fees from Senju Pharmaceutical, personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, personal fees from NIDEK Co., Ltd., personal fees from Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, outside the submitted work; Dr. Negishi has a patent (PCT/JP2015/65997, PCT/JP2016/085903) for potential products for myopia suppression pending to Tsubota Laboratory Inc.