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Article History

Received: 25 January 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2025

First Online: 28 March 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using anonymized data from the publicly available KNHANES dataset, which was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (IRB numbers: 2010-02CON-21-C, 2011–02-CON-06-C, and 2012–01-EXP-01-2C). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the survey. As the study exclusively utilized publicly available data, additional IRB approval was not required. The study complied with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring ethical standards were maintained throughout.

: Not applicable, as this study does not include identifiable individual data, images, or personal information requiring consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.