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Authors
Cui, Yuqing
Yang, Fan
Zhou, Qian
Wang, Xue
Zhao, Nana
Shen, Lei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Suqian Science and Technology Program Project (No. Z2023124)
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Article History
Received: 15 August 2025
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study fully complied with the Declaration of Helsinki regarding the protection of child participants and was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian Hospital (Approval No.: 2023043). Prior to the survey, a detailed notification outlining the study’s methodology and significance was disseminated by the Sucheng District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from all guardians.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
