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Article History

Received: 8 December 2025

Accepted: 24 December 2025

First Online: 16 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Kim’s Eye Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea, approved this study (IRB file number: 2025-10-005). Given the retrospective design of this study, the IRB of Kim’s Eye Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea waived the need for informed consent.

: Not applicable (All patient data were de-identified prior to analysis, ensuring that no identifiable personal information was used.)

: Not applicable (All patient data were de-identified prior to analysis, ensuring that no identifiable personal information was used.)

: The authors declare they have no competing interests. Son HS, None; Kim SY, None; Koh K, None; Auffarth GU, reports lecture fees and research grants from Johnson & Johnson Vision, Alcon Laboratories, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Hoya Corp, Kowa Co., Ltd., Oculentis GmbH/Teleon, Physiol S.A., Rayner Intraocular Lenses Ltd., Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Ophtec BV, Santen, Sifi Medtech Srl, AcuFocus Inc., Novartis, Ursapharm, and Biotech; non-financial support from Rheacell, Contamac, Cristalens, Croma, EyeYon, Hanita, and VSY, outside the submitted work; Łabuz G, reports nonfinancial lsupport from Contamac outside the submitted work.