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Authors
Zhang, Wei-Jie
Xie, Shu-Li
Kan, Yu-Chang
Yu, Xin
Zhang, Xin-Xin
Feng, Xue-Liang
Zhang, Guang-Hua
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Science and Technology Innovation Base Construction Project of Shanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology ((Grant No. YDZJSX2022B015))
the Science and Technology Innovation Base Construction Project of Shanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology ((Grant No. YDZJSX2022B015))
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Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 26 December 2025
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanxi Ophthalmology Hospital (Approval No. SXYYLL-KSSC010). All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. For participants under the age of 16, informed oral consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. This use of oral consent was specifically approved by the Ethics Committee for this study.
: Not applicable. This study involved only anonymized numerical data from eye axis examinations, with no personally identifiable information or images included in the manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
