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Article History

Received: 4 January 2026

Accepted: 25 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involves human participants and received approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Ethics Committee of the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (2025KYPJ033). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee because this study was based on previously collected clinical data obtained during routine diagnosis and treatment. All participants had completed their clinical care at our center and were recruited from different regions across the country, making it impracticable to re-contact them to obtain written informed consent. All patient data were anonymized prior to analysis, and confidentiality was strictly maintained in accordance with institutional and ethical guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: Not commissioned; externally peer-reviewed.

: The authors declare no competing interests.