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Authors
Hayashi, Shion
Kashizuka, Emi
Sakata, Koki
Motomiya, Natsuki
Asakawa, Yosuke
Hayasaki, Moe
Yokoi, Tadashi
Yoshida, Tomoyo
Nishina, Sachiko
Okamura, Kohji
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NCCHD Institutional Grant (2023B-6)
NCCHD Institutional Grant (2023B-6)
Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Research on Intractable Diseases (23FC1055)
Health Labour Sciences Research Grant (23AC1001)
JSPS KAKENHI (21K06143)
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Article History
Received: 6 December 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 10 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the National Center for Child Health and Development (NCCHD), Tokyo, Japan (approval no. 2021 − 141). Written informed consent was obtained from the guardians of all participants in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Written informed consent for publication of anonymized images and research data was obtained from the guardians of all participating children.
: KO has received funding from the Canon Foundation. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
