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Article History

Received: 6 January 2026

Accepted: 1 April 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was officially approved by the Ethics Committee of Qinghai Red Cross Hospital (Approval No.: KY-2025-13). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations.

: Given the retrospective nature of this study, the requirement for informed consent from the parents or legal guardians of the participating infants was waived by the Ethics Committee of Qinghai Red Cross Hospital. This waiver was granted in accordance with Chinese national regulations governing biomedical research involving humans (《涉及人的生物医学研究伦理审查办法》, 2016; 《涉及人的生命科学和医学研究伦理审查办法》, 2023), based on the following justifications: (1) the study involved minimal risk as it was a retrospective analysis of de-identified medical records; (2) obtaining informed cosennt was impracticable due to the large sample size and loss of contact with participants after hospital discharge; and (3) strict measures were implemented to protect patient privacy and data confidentiality, including complete de-identification of all personal information.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images or videos).

: The authors declare no competing interests.