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Article History

Received: 6 February 2026

Accepted: 19 May 2026

First Online: 6 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This retrospective study was conducted in strict adherence to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Chongqing Aier Eye Hospital (Approval No. 202601038). The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Chongqing Aier Eye Hospital waived the need for individual patient consent to participate due to the retrospective nature of the study, which involved analysis of existing, anonymized data and posed no more than minimal risk to subjects.

Consent for publication: Written informed consent for publication of the clinical photographs and accompanying clinical details presented in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 was obtained from the four patients concerned. All other study data were fully anonymized before analysis, and no additional identifiable personal information is presented in the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.