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Authors
Xie, Wenjia https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7596-3545
Tian, Tian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4161-2129
Ying, Luyi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5490-2198
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
2025 Key Research Projects for Medical Education of the Chinese Society of Medical Education and the National Center for Health Professions Education Development (2025A16)
2025 Undergraduate Provincial Education Reform Project of Zhejiang Province (JGCG2025035)
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Article History
Received: 1 February 2026
Accepted: 29 May 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Approval No. 2025 − 1331). Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the requirement for consent to participate was waived by the Ethics Committee.
: Written informed consent to publish was obtained from all participants.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
