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Article History

Received: 30 March 2026

Accepted: 27 August 2026

First Online: 4 September 2026

Declarations

Ethical approval: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and their guardians prior to participation.

Publisher’s note: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.