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Article History

Received: 8 February 2023

Accepted: 17 August 2023

First Online: 24 August 2023

Declarations

:

: The study followed all relevant guidelines and regulations (Declaration of Helsinki).PICANet has approvals to collect patient identifiable data without informed consent (opt-out consent), and to use this data as a research database (East Midlands – Derby Research Ethics Committee: ref. 18/EM/0267, Health Research Authority Confidentiality Advisory Group: 21/CAG/0098), these approvals were utilised for this study. This ethical approval provides agreement to use patient data with opt-out consent; children’s legal guardians were able to opt-out of this study and all other PICANet research, with written information available in all PICUs participating in PICANet and further details available online ().In additional ethical approval was granted by the University of Leicester Ethics Board (Sub-Committee of Medicine and Biological Sciences), this was granted on 5th January 2022 (Ethics Reference: 32290-tvh2-ls:healthsciences), which also approved the use of patient data with opt-out consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.