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Authors
Du, Linjun https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2631-7804
Su, Yufeng https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1258-8573
Feng, Ning https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4867-696X
Ma, Kexin
Zhang, Xiaolan https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0436-7360
Chen, Lifang
Wang, Aihong
Zhao, Shunfeng https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4465-3536
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Article History
Received: 9 November 2024
Accepted: 15 July 2025
First Online: 4 August 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical review and approval for this study were not required as it involved a secondary analysis and did not require additional institutional review board approval. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their participation in the survey. Participants under 16 years of age, with informed consent provided by their parents or legal guardians.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
