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Authors
Ilomo, Helfrid B.
Mnkugwe, Rajabu H.
Kambona, Raphael C.
Msuya, Mwanaidi A.
Sungura, Joram A.
Mngumi, Jonathan
Mutagonda, Ritah F.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Health, Tanzania
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2024
Accepted: 23 July 2025
First Online: 26 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical clearance for the study was obtained before the study commenced. The study was reviewed by the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Institutional Review Board and approved on 19/02/2024 with reference number MUHAS-REC-04-2024-2048. Permissions for data collection were granted on 28/02/2024 and 29/02/2024 by the management of Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) Upanga and MNH Mloganzila respectively. Participants' parents or legal representatives were informed about the study, and those who consented signed written forms. Clinical information was shared with attending physicians for ongoing care, and patient identities were coded and stored securely to ensure confidentiality.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
