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Article History

Received: 24 September 2023

Accepted: 1 August 2025

First Online: 1 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The research was carried out after obtaining permission from the Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital (MHREC), issued on January 13, 2023 (Ref No.: KE/FK/0076/EC/2023). The research utilized secondary data extracted from pre-existing medical records. Therefore, the researchers did not acquire written or verbal informed consent from the participants in this study, as only the available data were extracted and analysed. A waiver of the requirement for informed consent was granted by the MHREC.

: (Not applicable)

: The authors declare no competing interests.