Document is current

Article History

Received: 15 November 2023

Accepted: 13 August 2025

First Online: 8 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The AMANHI study received ethical approval from the local and institutional ethics committees of all three sites. These included Zanzibar Health Research Ethics Committee (formerly ZAMREC) (ZAMREC/0002/OCTOBER/013) for Tanzania, ICDDR, B (PR12073), and Johns Hopkins University (IRB 00004508) for Bangladesh, and Aga Khan University (2790-paeds-ERC-13) for Pakistan. In addition, the protocols for the biorepository study were also approved by the WHO Ethics Committee (RPC 532), and continuing approvals were sought yearly. Informed consent was obtained from pregnant women at the time of enrollment, and later, at childbirth, they consented to their child’s participation in the study. Consent forms were provided in the mothers’ preferred languages to ensure comprehension. In cases where mothers expressed concerns about their child’s development, or where the child showed faltered physical growth or developmental delays, referrals were made to the Outpatient Department (OPD) of the study center. Physicians at the OPD then assessed the child and, if necessary, referred them to nearby hospitals for further evaluation and management.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.