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Authors
Hendy, Abdelaziz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2960-3465
Ibrahim, Rasha Kadri
Abdelaliem, Sally Mohammed Farghaly
Zaher, Ahmed
Alkubati, Sameer A.
El-kader, Rabab Gad Abd
Hendy, Ahmed
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University (PNURSP2025R844)
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Article History
Received: 30 March 2025
Accepted: 1 September 2025
First Online: 18 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study used secondary, de-identified, and publicly available data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Egypt in 2005, 2008, and 2014. The DHS Program initially obtained ethical clearance for data collection, and survey respondents provided informed consent at the time of data collection. We registered for data access and received formal approval from the DHS Program to use these datasets for research purposes. As the analysis was based entirely on anonymized, aggregate-level data and involved no interaction with human participants, additional approval from the institutional ethics board was not required. This study adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and complies with the data usage policies of the DHS Program.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
