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Authors
Dhungana, Ranjan
Dhungana, Animesh
Fassl, Bernhard
Judkins, Allison
Tomlin, Brandon
Shakya, Dhanendra Veer
Chalise, Mala
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2024
Accepted: 4 September 2025
First Online: 6 October 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Nepal Health Research Council (Reference: 366/2020), Government of Nepal. Permission was also obtained from the Provincial Health Directorate, Lumbini Province, as well as the Medical Superintendent and Obstetric Department of Bheri Hospital to access the participants and their medical records. The study details were explained to participants, and any concerns they had were addressed. Participants were informed of their right to abstain or withdraw from participation at any point. Written informed consent was obtained from all women prior to collecting information about them and their babies’. Furthermore, respondents were assured that their responses would be treated with confidentiality and anonymized.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
