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Authors
Hirakawa, Eiji
Tokumasu, Hironobu
Vorlasane, Latdavanh
Bah, Abubakarr B.
Hokuto, Isamu
Seimiya, Ayako
Morita, Machiko
Matsui, Mitsuaki
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (21453903, 21453903, 21453903, 21453903, 21453903, 21453903, 21453903, 21453903)
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Article History
Received: 12 August 2024
Accepted: 4 September 2025
First Online: 3 October 2025
Declarations
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: Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the ethics committees of the governments of Sierra Leone and Laos, where the research was conducted, as well as the ethics committee of Nagasaki University, Japan.Japan: Approved No; NU_TMGH_2022_244_1, Institutional Review board of School of Tropical Medicine and global health, Nagasaki University. Lao PDR: Approved No; No 108, National Ethics Committee for Health Research (NECHR). Republic of Sierra Leone: Approved No; 017/10/2022, Sierra Leone Ethics and Scientific Review Committee (SLESRC).
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the data being collected, and the potential implications of publishing the findings.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
