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Article History

Received: 29 May 2025

Accepted: 8 September 2025

First Online: 6 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This research received approval from the institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of the Pudong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University Pudong Medical Center. For this retrospective study, informed consent was waived since only de-identified patient data were utilized, eliminating any potential risk or effect on patient care. This exemption was granted by the Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee in adherence to established regulatory and ethical guidelines governing retrospective research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.