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Article History

Received: 3 January 2025

Accepted: 15 September 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval was granted by the Health Ethics Research Board of Newfoundland and Labrador (HREB #2012.199). The Health Ethics Research Board of Newfoundland and Labrador is guided by principles of the TCPS-2 which governs ethical conduct for research involving humans. This guiding document states that consent shall be given voluntarily and withdrawn at any time by the participant or designate, however alterations to consent can be granted under specified circumstances such as; If research involves no more than minimal risk to the participants, alternation to consent requirements in unlikely to adversely affect the welfare of participants, and it is impossible or impracticable to carry out the research and to address the research question properly if the prior consent of participants is required [ ]. The presented study was approved by the health ethics research board under a non-consent model due to the above stated circumstances and applicable to those under, and over the age of 16 years.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.