Article History
Received: 13 July 2025
Accepted: 29 September 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Declarations
:
: This study was conducted using the Pediatric Intensive Care (PIC) database, which includes de-identified patient data from the Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine between 2010 and 2019. The PIC database was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Approval number: 2019_IRB_052).The use of this publicly available, de-identified dataset for secondary analysis qualified for exemption from further ethical approval and informed consent. All procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.