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Authors
Iwata, Hiroyoshi
Yamaguchi, Takeshi
Itoh, Sachiko
Ait Bamai, Yu
Ikeda, Atsuko
Makino, Keitaro
Itoh, Mariko
Tojo, Maki
Yamamoto, Rieko
Tamura, Naomi
Ketema, Rahel Mesfin
Saijo, Yasuaki
Ito, Yoshiya
Kishi, Reiko
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Kamijima, Michihiro
Yamazaki, Shin
Fukami, Maki
Ota, Chiharu
Hashimoto, Koichi
Mori, Chisato
Ito, Shuichi
Shinohara, Ryoji
Inadera, Hidekuni
Nakayama, Takeo
Kawasaki, Ryo
Takeshima, Yasuhiro
Kageyama, Seiji
Suganuma, Narufumi
Ohga, Shoichi
Katoh, Takahiko
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan
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Article History
Received: 4 July 2025
Accepted: 29 September 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: The JECS protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ministry of the Environment’s Institutional Review Board on Epidemiological Studies (No. 100910001) and the Ethics Committees of all participating institutions. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The JECS adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its revisions. Written informed consent for participation in the study was obtained from individual mothers and their partners, and for children, from their parents or guardians [ ].
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
