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Authors
Isaacson, Arielle
Diseko, Modiegi
Mabuta, Judith
Kgannyeng, Annah
Mayondi, Gloria
Lockman, Shahin
Caniglia, Ellen
Makhema, Joseph
Holmes, Lewis
Zash, Rebecca
Shapiro, Roger
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K24 AI 131928)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD100222)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23 HD088230)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD080471, R01 HD095766)
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Article History
Received: 9 June 2024
Accepted: 18 October 2025
First Online: 22 November 2025
Declarations
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: Intuitional approval for this study was provided by the institutional review board of Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts and the Health Research and Development Committee in Botswana. Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of the infants involved in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
