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Authors
Tesfamariam, Ghebremedhin
Bahta, Merhawi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-7876
Abdu, Nuru https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-4337
Anand, Indermeet Singh
Gebrehiwot, Tsegereda
Fessahaye, Ghimja
Tesfamariam, Eyasu H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8462-0500
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Higher Education and Research Institute of Eritrea
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Article History
Received: 22 February 2025
Accepted: 20 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical clearance was obtained from the Research Ethics and Clearance Committee of Asmara College of Health Sciences (ACHS) and the Ministry of Health (MOH) Research Ethics and Protocol Review Committee (Ref. number: 022/08/18). Permission to conduct the study was also granted by the Zonal Medical Officers, the National Referral Hospital Director, and the Regional Referral Hospital Medical Directors of the selected hospitals. Given the retrospective nature of this study, which involved the analysis of pre-existing data from medical records, the need for informed consent from parents or legal guardians was waived by the MOH Research Ethics and Protocol Review Committee. Besides, this study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the information obtained from the medical records was anonymized and kept confidential throughout the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
