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Authors
Zhang, Yuan
Zheng, Wei
Yan, Xin
Zhang, Ya
Peng, Bo
Wu, Di
Zhang, Lirui
Pang, Huiyuan
Yang, Ruihua
Wang, Yuanyuan
Li, Guanghui
Ma, Xu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of China (2022GJM04)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1000307, 2016YFC1000301, 2016YFC1000307, 2016YFC1000307)
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Article History
Received: 19 January 2024
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of National Research Institute for Family Planning (NRIFP2022019).
: Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects’ parent and/or legal guardian involved in this study. (Chinese Birth Cohort Informed Consent Form, Version V2.0, Version Date: January 17, 2018)
: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
