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Authors
Karikari, Julius Kwabena https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1859-2620
Bedu-Addo, Kweku https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9326-3939
Hassan, Yahye Sheikh Abdulle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-3000
Konadu, Emmanuel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-766X
Addae, Mercy https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2475-7900
Amponsah, Obed Kwabena Offe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0016-7639
Opoku, Douglas Aninng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2321-387X
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Article History
Received: 16 July 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol, survey tools, and associated materials received approval from the Ghana Health Service Institutional Review Board (IRB) before the commencement of data collection. Written informed consent was obtained from all individuals aged 15 to 49 years who participated in the original survey. This current study utilised secondary data from the 2022 GDHS, accessed through a formal request and approved by the DHS Program. All ethical guidelines and conditions stipulated by the DHS Program were strictly adhered to in the use of the data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
