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Authors
Tang, Lijun
Wang, Qiqiong
Jiang, Linmei
Chen, Si
Wu, Weibin
Bi, Guangliang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou (2023A04J2300)
Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2022A1515012021)
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Article History
Received: 18 June 2025
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University (Approval No. NFEC-2022-264) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee because: (1) The research utilized anonymized historical clinical data with no direct identifiers; (2) The study posed no more than minimal risk to participants, and waiver of consent did not adversely affect their rights or welfare.This waiver is consistent with China's National Regulations and international standards for retrospective data analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
