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Authors
Zhang, Yi-Jie
Chen, Chao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Youth Research Fund of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (QDFYQN2024209)
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Article History
Received: 5 May 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: Prior written and informed consent was obtained from medical records and the guardians of every infant. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee/IRB of [the Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Fudan University (committee’s reference number ([2012]No.102)]. This study is a retrospective study, using only de-identified information from existing databases. The original data collection process of this database has obtained full informed consent from the subjects, who explicitly agree that their anonymized data can be used for future scientific research.
: All authors of this manuscript consent to its publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
