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Authors
Wang, Lijuan
Duan, You
Zhang, Xiaohu
Xie, Liang
Liu, Hanmin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4633-911X
Liu, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4626-3618
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Sichuan Science and Technology Program (No.2023ZYD0118)
Sichuan Science and Technology Program (No.2023NSFSC0530)
Research Grant of Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau (No.2022-GH03-00013-HZ)
the National Natural Science Foundation of the China Joint Fund for Regional Innovation and Development (No. U21A20333)
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Declarations
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: Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations: Not applicable. This study was conducted using publicly available, de-identified data from the MIMIC-III database, and did not involve direct interaction with human participants. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Access to the MIMIC-III database was granted after completing the required Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) program and obtaining approval from the database administrators (Certificate ID: 13371357). Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
