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Authors
Liu, Dong
Cai, Hui
He, Qi-qi
Wang, Shuo
Li, Feng
Zhang, Juan
Fu, Ya-juan
Su, Ze-li
Jiang, Yi-deng
Jing, Li
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice (KF202501)
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Article History
Received: 16 October 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Committee and the Hospital Ethics Committee of General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University (ethical number: KYLL-2024-1453). As this was a retrospective secondary data analysis of de-identified data, this study was exempt from ethical approval and informed consent from patients. All procedures involving human participants complied with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
