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Article History

Received: 12 September 2025

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Asrat Woldeyes Health Science Campus, Debre Berhan University (Ref. number-IRB-01/40/2017). Permission to conduct the study was secured from Debre Birhan city public hospital administrators before data collection commenced. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants. The research adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, upholding respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.