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Authors
Alrashidi, Mohammed M. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2565-1488
Evans, Jack O.
Tomlinson, Richard J.
Williams, Craig A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1740-6248
Buckingham, Gavin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6950-5504
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Taibah University
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Article History
Received: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
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: This pilot study followed the general ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the National Health Services (NHS) Health Research Authority (IRAS ref. 330082) and the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Exeter (ref. 1532843). Additionally, permission was obtained from the local NHS Hospital Trust Research and Development (RDUH - R&D – ref. 2407584). All participants attended the laboratory accompanied by a parent or carer. For participants younger than 16 years of age, written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians, and written assent was obtained from the participants. Participants aged 16 years and older provided their own written informed consent prior to participation.
: Written consent for the publication of anonymised data derived from this study was obtained from all participants and their parents/carers.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
