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Article History

Received: 31 August 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 18 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (Ref: PM25/149), in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Medical Director of the Cardiac Center of Ethiopia was formally notified, and all patient data were anonymized to maintain confidentiality. Given the retrospective nature of the study, the ethics committee waived the requirement for informed consent. Data collection adhered to strict confidentiality protocols, and all information was used solely for research purposes. Full documentation of ethical approvals is maintained and available upon request from the corresponding author.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.