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Authors
Yang, Yuan
Sun, Yifan
Lin, Kai
Feng, Yuling
Yan, Chongbing
Gong, Xiaohui
Liu, Haifeng
Hong, Wenchao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Children’s Hospital (2022YGZQ06)
Shanghai Children’s Hospital (2021YLYM11)
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Article History
Received: 3 November 2025
Accepted: 10 April 2026
First Online: 20 April 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Children’s Hospital (Approval No. 2025R151-E01). Written informed consent for the endoscopic procedures was obtained from the legal guardians of all infants included in the study. Given the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified patient data, the requirement for additional research-specific informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
