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Article History

Received: 22 January 2026

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 15 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of West China Hospital of Sichuan University (approval number: 2025PS1899K). Given the retrospective nature of this study, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of West China Hospital of Sichuan University in accordance with the national regulations for medical research involving human subjects. All study participants were minors (under the age of 16 years), and although individual informed consent was waived for this retrospective analysis, all included patients’ parents or legal guardians had provided written informed consent for the original medical procedures and the use of anonymized medical data for research purposes at the time of hospital admission, as per institutional policy.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.