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Authors
Iheme, Gideon Onyedikachi
Hajara, Idris
Adebare, Adeleke Folasade
Edafioghor, Linda Obianuju
Ortutu, Beulah Favour
Uche, Chinaza Precious
Owoyemi, Tolulope Linder
Egechizuorom, Ifeoma Mercy
Oyebamiji, Emmanuel Aanuoluwapo
Ogbonna, Obinna Chiemela
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Uppsala University
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Article History
Received: 8 July 2025
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics Committees (H/REC) of Federal Medical Center, Umuahia (FMC/QEH/G.596/Vol. 10/576); Modibbo Adama University Teaching Hospital, Yola (FMCY/SUB/S.128/161); Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki (AE-FUTHA/REC/VOL.3/2022/002); and Federal Teaching Hospital, Katsina (FTHKNREC.REG.25/06/22c/017). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of these institutions and in compliance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.Written or digital informed consent was obtained from the respondents, and numbers were used to identify each respondent to ensure confidentiality. Given that this study involved mother-child pairs, permission was obtained from the mother before assessing the child's characteristics. All respondents' data were anonymized.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
