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Authors
Janes, Edward
Paine, Amy L.
Anthony, Rebecca
Carter, Bethan
Shelton, Katherine H.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Llywodraeth Cymru
Waterloo Foundation (738/3512)
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/T00049X/1)
Health and Care Research Wales (Social Care Grant, SCF-22-04)
UKRI (MR/W002132/1)
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Article History
Received: 17 January 2026
Accepted: 1 June 2026
First Online: 21 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from legal guardians or caregivers of participants involved in the study. Parents and carers were informed about the research through at least two methods of communication (i.e. letter, email, text message or web-based apps) and given the opportunity to withdraw their child via opt-out consent. Cardiff University adheres to the Helsinki Declaration as the foundational ethical framework for research involving human participants. Ethical approval was obtained from Cardiff University School of Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee (SREC 431).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
