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Article History

Received: 30 October 2025

Accepted: 11 June 2026

First Online: 25 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical clearance and approval for this study were granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) at the University of Ghana (NMIMR-IRB CPN 011/20-21). Additionally, permission was obtained from the District Health Director of the Ghana Health Services in Daboya. All procedures involving human participants were conducted with the ethical standards of the IRB and the principles of Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Participants with babies who expressed willingness to participate were provided with a written consent form to sign or thumbprint as parents or legal guardians of all participating babies before data collection.

Consent for publication: Not Applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.