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Authors
Mughogho, Anderson https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6214-1552
Mallewa, Macpherson
Kawaza, Kondwani
Spittle, Alicia
Nyondo - Mipando, Alinane Linda
Gladstone, Melissa
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Skills for the Vibrant Economy project (IDA-68910)
Science for Africa Foundation (Ref: Del-22-002)
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Article History
Received: 7 January 2026
Accepted: 16 July 2026
First Online: 22 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics and approval and consent to participate: Ethical clearance was obtained from the Kamuzu University Research Committee (COMREC), approval number: P.01/23/3955. Additionally, approvals were obtained from the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital and the Department of Paediatric and Child Health. Individual data are all anonymized to comply with protection regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation in the survey. Similarly, consent was gained prior to in-depth interviews and video recording of infants. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
